Introduction to ambahan Essay

Ambahans engraved on a bamboo brace The ambahan is an artistic item and graceful articulation of the Southern Mangyans of Mindoro, Philippines. Despite the fact that there are around seven diverse ethnic gatherings living in Mindoro, all in all called the Mangyans, these gatherings are very particular from one another as to language, customs, and method of living. Just the ethnic gathering living in the south of Mindoro, generally containing the zones inside the regions of Bulalacao (San Pedro), Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro and San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, asserts the name Mangyan as the distinct title of their clan. To emphasize their point, they may include the epiteth: â€Å"Hanunuo† Mangyan, that is, a â€Å"truly, genuine, genuine† Manygan. Along with their northern neighbors, the Buhids, they have a pre-Spanish composing framework, viewed as of Indic cause, with characters communicating the open syllables of the language. Two particular syllabaries are still in pragmatic use among the ethnic gatherin gs in Mindoro, viz. the northern Buhid on one hand and the southern Buhid with the Hanunuo-Mangyans on the other. The presence of a composing framework among these clans unquestionably accounts to a great extent for the abundance of writing pervasive among them. One of the abstract items, the one recorded most as often as possible on bamboo-cylinders or supports, is the ambahan. For better understanding and energy about the ambahans introduced here, a short blueprint on the character and utilization of the ambahan will be given here. As a definition, it very well may be expressed that the ambahan is: A. A cadenced lovely articulation with a meter of seven syllable lines and having musical end-syllables. B. It is frequently introduced as a serenade without a decided melodic pitch or joining by instruments. C. Its motivation is to communicate in a symbolic manner, generously utilizing beautiful language, certain circumstances or certain attributes alluded to by the one recounting the sonnet. The meter of seven syllables in a single line is the attribute of the ambahan which most clearly recognizes it from different sorts of Hanunuo-Mangyan verse. Be that as it may, there are special cases to the standard. For example, in excess of seven syllables might be found toward the start of the ambahan, particularly when it begins with the standard articulation magkunkuno (talks, says) in light of the fact that the person who â€Å"speaks† here may have a long name containing more than the typical seven syllables. As a matter of fact, these first lines ought not be considered as a com ponent of the sonnet legitimate, but instead as a prologue to or a clarification of the conditions which offered ascend to the ambahan itself. Now and again, there might be in excess of seven syllables in light of the fact that the utilized word or words can't be abbreviated and no other mix of words is accessible. Then again, a line may contain under seven syllables so as to safeguard the significance of the line itself which may be upset if more syllables were included. In any case, the last special case once in a while happens. With an end goal to fit in with the standard of having just seven syllables in each line, the writer attempts to accommodate his words inside the pre-decided amount of syllables. This records for the numerous elisions and contactions of words that make the perusing of the ambahan in the Hanunuo-Mangyan content so troublesome and angering to the interpreter. Accordingly nirwasan originates from niruwasan; nilkasan from nilukasan; the mono-syllables gin from ginan; u from una. On the other hand, the words might be expanded, for example syllables might be included request to have the necessary seven syllables. By and large, the typical methodology includes the utilization of appends and postfixes, the two of which are widely utilized in the Philippine dialects. The most widely recognized one in the Hanunuo-Mangyan language is the addition - an. Manok becomes manukan, balunos becomes balunusan, without an adjustment in importance. Inside the word, â€Å"extensions† may likewise be discovered which may be old infixes, not, at this point normal. So dayap becomes dalayap, layaw becomes lugayaw. Another method of extending a word is by rehashing the word itsel f, less to make it standout in importance (for example in Tagalog: laking-laki), but instead to finish the seven syllable necessity. While it isn't my goal to be specialized on this point, as a linguist’s examination of morphological wonders would be, the previous delineations exhibit that the recommended plan of seven syllables in ambahan section gives abundant open door for lexical workout, an activity which may intrigue numerous understudies. The rhyming end-syllables are a fundamental component of the ambahan. The most widely recognized rhyming syllable is - a, being a standard addition for action words and nouns in the Hanunuo-Mangyan language. Be that as it may, different mixes with the vowel an are somewhat normal as well, for example, in lines having the end-syllables: an, ak, ag, ang, as, aw, ay. Here the vowel an is joined with about all the consonants in the Philippine letters in order. Similarly, the vowels I (or e) and o (or u) can be found as the rhyming syllables, either alone or in mix, e.g.: I, id, ing, ip, it, and o, od, alright, on, ong, os, ot, oy. The rhyming in the ambahan is subsequent, for example once began with - an, all lines will end in - an. This gives off an impression of being as opposed to the rhyming plan of a Tagalog sonnet, where toward the finish of a line a vowel rhyme may remember any consonant for blend with this vowel. The ambahan is stricter in this regard, however it is fascinating t o take note of that to a great extent consonants, if having a place with the equivalent phonetic class, might be incorporated as the rhyming consonant in mix with the rhyming vowel. Subsequently, the word inwag rhymes with mama ayad in light of the fact that both g and d have a place with the phonetic class of voiced stops. The word humbak rhymes with dagat in light of the fact that both k and t have a place with the phonetic class of voiceless stops. The word sundong, lumon and tayutom are the end-syllables of one ambahan in light of the fact that ng, n, and m have a place with the phonetic class of voiced sonorants. Obviously, it isn't on the grounds that the Hanunuo-Mangyan knows the slightest bit about phonetics that these examples happen, yet the exchanges of these consonants are not viewed as infringement of the unwritten standards of the ambahan, given that the vowel continues as before. The ambahan is a recited stanza, yet it is changed obviously or nearly recounted. The rendering of the ambahan with melodic pitch may vary from individual to individual. Some may articulate the words like in like manner discussion; others may utilize it a monotone recitation; or still others may sing it with a particular song. In any case, by and large, it very well may be said that when an ambahan is â€Å"sung,† there is just a slight melodic pitch discernable, with the exception of perhaps towards the end, when the last syllables are attracted out a piece to show that the serenade is going to end. Besides, it is well significant that the ambahan, is â€Å"sung† without the backup of instruments, as separated from another sort of Mangyan refrain, the urukay, which is ideally recited to the backup of the natively constructed guitar. One who has an information on the language of the Hanunuo-Mangyans as it is utilized in their day by day discussion, will have the option to see almost no of the language that is utilized in the ambahan. The language utilized in the ambahan contrasts from the communicated in language, however numerous a word utilized broadly in the every day Hanunuo-Mangyan language is likewise utilized in the ambahan-jargon. It is very conceivable to assemble an extensive rundown of words (in the long run a total word reference) that are utilized distinctly in the ambahan stanza, however, with the end goal of this book, just a couple of words should be referenced. Conversational language| Ambahan language| English| amang| bansay| father| inang| suyong| mother| danom| kagnan| water| balay| labag| house| niyog| bu-anay| coconut| bagaw| duyan| talk| mata| pamidkan| eye| That the expressions of the ambahan jargon are found not just in the ambahan of the Hanunuo-Mangyans yet additionally in the artistic results of the neighboring Mangyan clans, is by all accounts a huge fortuitous event worth researching, particularly on the off chance that it is recalled that these different clans utilize a conversational language not quite the same as the Hanunuo-Mangyan language. A few inquiries that would stand up to the agent are the accompanying: Where do these ambahan words originated from? Are there different vernaculars in the Philippines from which they may have been determined? Or on the other hand do we need to direct our concentration toward different nations like Indonesia or India to get a clarification? Here is a possible field of examination that should give a language specialist enough material to take a shot at. In a portion of the ambahans here introduced, it will be seen that the topic is about a winged creature, a blossom, a tree, or a creepy cra wly. Different ambahans, however not nature sonnets in the severe feeling of the term, manage the sun, the moon, the stars, the downpour and the breeze. At the point when a Mangyan writer composes of a bloom, he composes of itnot to commend its magnificence or aroma however to make it a purposeful anecdote or an image of human life, it’s issues, and its difficulties. Now and again the imagery of a fowl or bloom might be sufficiently clear, as when a kid converses with his young lady about â€Å"a excellent blossom that he might want to bring home.† Very regularly, in any case, one image may allude to various conditions or conditions and, consequently, turns into a different image. An assessment of ambahan no. 114 will help explain this point. What does the sonnet mean? In the first place, it implies essentially what it says: â€Å"Be cautious, or you will be stung by a honey bee. Play it safe in getting honey.† This would be the exacting translation of the sonne t. The additional significance of figurative translation would depend, obviously, on the event and conditions, for example, ascending a mountain, going to the ocean, getting down to business, taking part in a challenge with someone else, or setting off to the guardians to request the hand of their girl. The perplexing arrangement of implications subsequently woven into an ambahan are gradua

Impact of Air Pollution to the Environment in Malaysia

Effect of Air Pollution to the Environment in Malaysia 1.0 Introduction Wellbeing sway appraisal (HIA) is the way toward assessing the conceivable effect of a natural, synthetic, physical or social factor on explicit human populace framework under a fixed domain and for certain length. (HIA) is a significant component of the natural effect evaluation process, which has been viewed as mandatory for every endorsed action under the Environmental Impact Assessment Order, 1987, which goes under the umbrella of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974. Albeit all included HIA experts are enlisted under the EIA Consultant Registration Scheme, their HIA lead in Malaysia isn't steady with the prerequisite. Along these lines, presentation of a direction record is an expected to make all HIA practice is increasingly reliable with the requirement. The point of the Guidance Document on HIA is to give data to all partners, for example, advisors, enterprises, government offices and the general population on the appraisal of wellbeing impacts from a venture advancement. Prof . Dr. Jamal Hisham Hashim, DOE,( 2009) Wellbeing Impact Assessment likewise an arranging instrument and a procedure that efficiently perceives and reviews both the potential positive and negative wellbeing effects of an action or a task advancement. In this arranging structure, the result of an appraisal gives the ideal method to execute the arrangement to amplify positive wellbeing controls and limit negative wellbeing effects on nature. Open consuming is a significant wellspring of air contamination in the urban territory in Malaysia. Consuming refuse straightforwardly, consuming the woods for replantation or advancement, consuming rice straw on paddy fields which discharges destructive synthetic compounds and gases ought to be completely kept away from through and through to maintain a strategic distance from the air contamination in Malaysia. Numerous residents of Malaysia are as yet unconscious of the effect of their activity which their activity lead natural and wellbeing impact in Malaysia. In this task, the peruse r ought to have the option to comprehend the appraisal procedure of Health and Impact Assessment and the impacts of air contamination from open consuming in the urban zone of Malaysia and the systems that can be applied to lessen or dispense with them. Prof. Dr. Jamal Hisham Hashim, DOE, 2009) 2.0 Health Impact Assessment (HIA) Process As indicated by Department of Environment (DOE)Malaysia, natural effect appraisal (EIA) is an investigation to investigate, anticipate, assess and pass on the results of the open consuming to the earth and the moderating measures preceding an undertaking endorsement and execution (DOE, 2009). Clergyman of Natural Resources and Environment was engages under area 34A of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 to perform endorse any movement which may have significant ecological effect in Malaysia. 2.1 The motivation behind Health Impact Assessment (HIA) Process The motivation behind HIA process is to assess the potential advancement need to lead a HIA for the task. HIA may not require for all improvement extends in Malaysia. As point by point in EIA, HIA isn't required except if it tends to be impartially discussed that a HIA isn't give huge impact to the specific task. Alluding to the past undertaking history and the known result of the recommended exercises of the ventures record will depict the necessity of HIA for a specific task. Be that as it may, the task not recorded in HIA database posting are must be screened for the need to experience a HIA. A screening agenda is has been created to help the Project Initiators and the Department of Environment in screening potential ventures or endorsed exercises that would require a HIA. 2.2 The extent of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) Process Wellbeing sway evaluation (HIA) is turning into a significant device for surveying the wellbeing effects of arrangements, projects and undertakings. There are a few rules on HIA, both general and explicit strategy that has been distributed to portray the necessities. The point of this â€Å"Guidance Document† is to explicitly address necessity of the appraisal. The use of HIA has been predominantly in the system of an EIA concentrate in Malaysia. In any case, because of absence of legitimate rule on its execution, numerous techniques and arrangements have been locked in by HIA advisors bringing about irregularity in the HIA. In this way, the extent of HIA is to forestall the wellbeing impacts that may emerge from an undertaking advancement. HIA not just created to help maintaining a strategic distance from superfluous troubles of negative wellbeing impacts yet additionally forestalling a wellbeing impact in which surely less savvy than treating them. 2.3 The evaluation of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) Process Hazard decrease is a procedure of hazard the executives and it required to be surveyed before an activity to limit the hazard can be taken. The objective of wellbeing hazard evaluation process is to recognize, characterize the hazard and consequently is to survey the hazard introduction to the encompassing. The hazard can be sufficiently surveyed and classified from the data acquired from risk and presentation and Health Impact Assessment and it can likewise be characterized as a hierarchical methodology. Wellbeing hazard evaluation is applied for the appraisal of wellbeing perils from the earth. There are two techniques to survey the wellbeing hazard introduction, in particular the quantitative and subjective wellbeing hazard appraisal. A numerical proportion of the hazard or security of a synthetic introduction is gotten from the quantitative hazard appraisal. The created numerical measure estimation of the hazard is than contrasted and the rule or a characterized satisfactory hazard level. There are two classes of dangers being evaluated when playing out a quantitative hazard appraisal, in particular non-cancer-causing and cancer-causing wellbeing danger and it is the favored evaluation for HIA in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) at whatever point this is material. DOE (2009) A subjective hazard appraisal basically portrays or thinks about the peril of a synthetic connection to each other’s or depicts the danger in just subjective terms, for example, mutagen or cancer-causing agent, which predicts certain hazard or wellbeing strategies measures may not require a numerical evaluation or quantitative hazard appraisal. Some wellbeing hazard related with infectious ailments may not fit well to quantitative hazard evaluation because of the idea of the hazard. In this way, a subjective hazard appraisal may just be the evaluation technique at whatever point it is conceivable to execute dependent on the necessity. As cited in National Academy of Sciences (1996), â€Å"quantitative hazard evaluation can be characterized as the order of the potential antagonistic wellbeing impacts of human exposures to ecological hazards†. The hazard evaluation contains four stages, which comprise of peril distinguishing proof, portion reaction appraisal, introduction appraisal and hazard order. The utilization of quantitative wellbeing hazard appraisal is for the most part restricted to the evaluation of compound dangers. Natural and physical perils don't fit well to quantitative evaluation where in such cases, subjective appraisal ought to be applied for the reason. DOE, (2009) 3.0 Open consuming action As per Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) any consuming directed in such a way, that ignition air isn't productively controlled and that burning items are not vented through a stack or fireplace, including yet not constrained to consuming led in open outside flames, normal consume barrels and patio incinerators is characterize as open consuming. The consuming is regularly directed utilizing consume barrels, isolated pits, lawn burners, and pilling up of reject, junk, yard trimmings or leaves likewise considered into this classification. Datuk Law Hieng Ding, DOE (2000) 3.1 Causes of open consuming i) Jungle fire Wilderness fire fires and the resultant smoke-murkiness are to some degree new encounters to Malaysia. The issues are appeared to be seriously expanding and rehashed at times. Under typical conditions, the unexplored wildernesses of Malaysia won't burst into flames effectively and regardless of whether it bursts into flames, the fire won't spread broadly because of the dampness that surpasses 75% and the pace of litter decay on the timberland ground is sensibly quick. There is almost no opportunity of the woods to burst into flames except if these conditions are changed due atmosphere changes. Be that as it may, when water in these territories is depleted during advancement extends, the ground turns out to be totally dry and is has high chance to burst into flames. Under these conditions the fire spreads underground and can continue consuming for quite a while. Wan Mohd Shukri Wan Ahmad ( 2001) ii) Human causes Different sources that can add to one of the reasons for the fire are generally by the activities of people. A portion of the significant reasons are brought about by people who need to take out things like trash from their terrace. There are a few ranchers who consume rice straws to clean their fields before replantation and planning of rural estates. These are exercises that are usually can be found in Malaysia. DES,(2013) 3.2 The impact of open consuming The fire gives broad harm to plants, creatures, condition and the strength of individuals encompassing the influenced zones. The murkiness and air contamination are at a risky level in a large portion of these regions and now and again it ranges to unfortunate and perilous levels. In spite of the fact that there’s an expansion in respiratory related disorders in the area brought about by the timberland fire, the drawn out impacts of open consuming will influence basically the soundness of individuals and is hard to fathom and is presently an issue of worry in Malaysia. Other than the impact as referenced above, open consuming additionally disturbs the Malaysian economy and other quantifiable impacts including reasons as cited underneath. i) Production misfortunes. In year 1997, Malaysia arrived at another criticalness causing by the murkiness when the Air Pollution Index (API) readings arrived at 500î ¼g/m3. Sarawak pronounced 10 days

A Tea Party At Two

While an evening coffee break was a typical event for women in Victorian England, it is an uncommon treat for me and my companions. The previous summer, old buddy, Hilary, who lives in an old Victorian house, total with a parlor and a good old bath, welcomed me to a casual get-together at her home. It was awesome. I had a feeling that I had ventured into a scene from a Jane Austen epic. My companions and I arranged the gathering for a month. I found the ideal outfit. Truly, it was a cutting edge dress that I bought at the shopping center, however it would most likely fit directly into the Victorian period. Typically, I shun realism; I accept that magnificence originates from inside. Be that as it may, my indulgence is nineteenth-century British clothing. While I love motion pictures like â€Å"Becoming Jane† and â€Å"Bright Star† for their impactful portrayal of the extraordinary abstract figures Austen and Keats, I end up assimilated during these movies in the subtleties of the dresses, since they were essentially stunning. Desire grasps me; I need to wear those outfits as well! This casual get-together was my opportunity. At the point when I showed up, I was welcomed by companions who had come ahead of schedule to set it up. They had spread out Hilarys best china, and set a container of blossoms on the lounge area table. There were cucumber and cream cheddar sandwiches, scones, cupcakes, a wide range of treats, and, obviously, English tea. I gave Hilary the ginger snaps I had prepared, and we as a whole plunked down for tea. We had an incredible conversation; since it was the center of summer, a large number of my companions had recently come back from trips, or were going to leave on them. Our discussion was interlaced with artistic references to Modernism and Romanticism, since my companions and I had all developed close during our Honors English class. We share an affection for writing, and in any event, when we talk about senseless, unimportant things, we will in general allude to characters in our top choice (or least top pick) books. I said that I felt like Edna Pontellier from The Awakening at that point, since she was a nineteenth-century housewife. Obviously, sooner or later the discussion went to school and our prospects, as it did off and on again. Be that as it may, when the point came up, we moaned and changed the subject. That day, we didnt need to think about what's to come. We were having a great time imagining we lived before, however more significantly we were encountering the present. I was a piece of a gathering of individuals who thought about one another. We chuckled together, we tuned in to one another, and we upheld each other. For a second, having my companions around me was all I required. This exposition was intended to be perused resoundingly in the Queens English.

Essay Topics That Students Use

Essay Topics That Students UseBy the time you finish this article, you will have a better understanding of the most common essay topics that people use to teach college level courses and other types of coursework. Knowing what these topics are going to help you when you look for topics for your own essays.The most common topic is actually the topic that most students use for their own research. A lot of students choose topics that they already know about or that are very familiar with. This is a good topic for them to write because they already know what the information is going to be about and how it is going to be presented. You can also choose a topic that is not very common and then use your experience to come up with an essay that is written based on what you already know.One of the most common topics that most people choose to write about is their hobbies. These types of topics are normally about personal activities. If you are writing about something that is personal and isn't necessarily related to the college you will be able to express yourself better. If you are writing about something related to college though you will need to give a little more thought to the topic and how you are going to express it.Another one of the most common topics that people use is religion. A lot of people are writing about their own religious beliefs in order to write about their experiences with a religion. You can also write about a religion that you are interested in.Business and management are another one of the most common topics that people write about. If you have ever looked at most college essays then you would see that there is a very large focus on business. If you have a job or if you have been studying business or if you just have a business that you run or are managing, you can write about your interests in order to get the point across effectively.Politics is also one of the most popular essay topics. If you are writing about a current political issue then you can look at it as a way to research the topic. You can talk about what is happening in the world in terms of politics and how it impacts you personally.Relationships is another one of the more common essay topic. When you write about a relationship you can look at it as a way to get into the psychology of the relationship. It is important that you know how to describe the emotions and feelings that you feel towards a relationship before you can write effectively.By knowing what the most common essay topics are you will be able to choose your topic wisely. The topics that students choose are based on what they know. If you want to make sure that you are presenting yourself well when you are writing, you should choose a topic that you already know a lot about.

The Dirty Truth on Texas Essay Samples

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Best Way to Write a Good College Writing Definition Essay

<h1>Best Way to Write a Good College Writing Definition Essay</h1><p>College composing definition is the necessity for getting decent training. Most of individuals accept that a decent training implies taking such a significant number of tests, total such huge numbers of classes and study to such an extent. Indeed, it can get somewhat exhausting and dull. Here are a few different ways to make it somewhat simpler for you to compose a decent school composing definition essay.</p><p></p><p>First, you have to realize what a decent school composing definition is. Essentially, this is a definition or a presentation of something. For instance, an extraordinary meaning of 'container list' is only the rundown of things that you need to do before you pass on. This could be your rundown of tasks to do before you pass on, however there are a lot of different meanings of container list that you could think of. Be that as it may, we should stay with the on e above.</p><p></p><p>Second, begin composing when you can and cut out a ton of time squandered on a long and exceptionally exhausting or dreary short paper. Now and again we get so enveloped with the thoughts in a short paper that we simply disregard our mental obstacle. Be that as it may, when you stall out stuck, you need to recall that you despite everything have different activities. Keep in touch with some more.</p><p></p><p>Third, don't stress on the off chance that you have no clue about how to continue. Try not to trust that your cohorts will take a gander at your composition and afterward instruct you next. You should simply to discover a spot on the web where you can discover free information.</p><p></p><p>For model, you can locate a free asset for school composing which will assist you with addressing the most well-known inquiry concerning school composing. Different inquiries are: I'm not catching i t's meaning to have a decent essayist? what's more, how might you recognize a fair writer.</p><p></p><p>You should begin composing your great school composing definition article today. In the event that you have not begun at this point, you can begin with a clear bit of paper and a pen or pencil. Yet, be cautious with your definition, recollect that we are expounding on something.</p><p></p><p>Just recall that your most logical option when you compose your great school composing definition exposition is to start your work from the earliest starting point. On the off chance that you can figure out how to spare a ton of time by doing this, you will without a doubt have a winner.</p>

What Need Help with My Research Paper Is - and What it Is Not

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How to Capitalize College Major in Essay

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How to Write Term Papers - Including Pictures to Enhance Your Writing

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How Does a Writing Essay Score

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Analysis of companies financial information quality - Free Essay Example

Purpose This paper aims to analyze financial information quality through financial and economic ratios, detecting whether they are affected by financial reporting standards; as well as, determining a group of factors that allow proving the capacity of ratios to measure accounting information quality, and thus, facilitate the analysis process to the groups of users. Design / methodology / approach For a sample of 111 companies from Madrid Stock Exchange and 32 from Eurostoxx50, descriptive analysis and non-parametric variance analysis were carried out during the period 2005-2007. At the same time, reduction data techniques were performed to detect the underlying main factors, specifically the principal component analysis (PCA) for the year 2007. Findings It has been confirmed that financial information quality is affected by financial reporting standards; additionally, a group of factors in which financial and economic ratios group has been found. Practical implications This study provides evidences to measure financial information quality and the results can be useful to accounting users, as well as, contributing to literature related to this topic. Originality and value This study empirically shows, from the analyzed companies, that accounting information is affected by financial reporting standards. Additionally, some factors that group ratios are provided. Keywords Financial information quality, Ratios, Financial reporting standards, Accounting users, Kruskal-wallis Test, Principal component analysis. Type of document Research paper Introduction Financial information quality has been empirically approached since late 60s. The studies were focused on contrasting whether data provided by companies w ere really useful to accounting users. At first, some studies were concerned with investigating the information content (Ball and Brown, 1968).Then, at late 80s, a new orientation arose focusing on studying the relevance of information, using wider regression models to determine the relationship between financial information and market profitability (Ou and Penman, 1989a). It has also been observed that recent studies have focused on contrasting financial information quality in time. The models to show companies financial information have gone through important changes, specially, with the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to elaborate consolidated financial statements of companies listing in the stock exchange (Kenny and Larson, 2009). Among the harmonization changes in accounting, the measures taken on the transparency of information disclosure, a decisive factor, for the generation of quality accounting documents (Epstein, 2009) are distingui shed. Therefore, financial information quality plays a fundamental role to know the company ´s economic reality. Furthermore, the used financial reporting standards can have an effect on the quality of disclosed data; and, therefore, on the formulation of appropriate Financial analysis of financial statements, in which there can be decisive factors in the evolution and tendency of some indicators (Choi et al., 1983). It is important to notice, that ratios can be a reflection of financial information quality, from the financial reporting standards point of view, used to help understanding financial and economic events that affect companies. Within this context, the purpose of this empiric study is to analyze financial information quality through financial and economic ratios, specifically focusing on detecting whether ratios are affected by the financial reporting standards applied by companies. At the same time, this study aims to determine a group of factors that allow demonstrating the capacity of ratios to measure accounting information quality, as well as, facilitating the financial information analysis process to the groups of users. Therefore, the study included the analysis of financial information from a sample of companies belonging to Madrid Stock Exchange and Eurostoxx50 during the period 2005-2007. This has lead to consider the financial reports presented with the Local Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as well as, individual and consolidated financial statements. The results obtained in this study reveal that some ratios show population averages differences, indicating that financial information quality is affected by the applied financial reporting standards. Additionally, a group of factors in which ratios group have been found, and they are, a way to measure the quality of companies financial and economic results by accounting users groups. Background and empiric predictions Financial information quality Financial information quality has been discussed in several studies, pointing out different aspects that lead to create new research lines. At late 60s, the accounting research took a new path, thanks to the utilitarian paradigm, leading to adopt a research methodology with a positivist approach that considers accounting as an information system. Consequently, the capital markets research line arose, this line researches accounting information performance for investors. The studies carried out by Ball and Brown (1968) and Beaver (1968) were pioneers. As a matter of fact, considering this research line, two work fields can be distinguished, on one hand, the research conducted to study information (information content and relevance), and on the other hand, the research that studies measuring. Regarding the studies on information, it can be mentioned that one of the examined aspects is related to the study of information content. That is to say, the market reaction is investigated in relation to the publication of earnings announcements. Some studies have indicated that market prices have a positive reaction in relation to earnings announcements (Weston, 1971). Therefore, Bae et al. (2008) working with a sample of Korean companies, found that the increments (decreases) of earnings announcements have a positive (negative) effect on the value of shares prices in the market. Meanwhile, other studies have pointed out the opposite (Su, 2003). It should be mentioned that some studies have considered the relationship between the negotiation volume and earnings announcements. Therefore, Choi and Choe (1998) stated that the volume of operations reacts when three-month earnings announcements are made. In this sense, some factors that will affect the negotiation volume, such as investors agreement degree (Garfinkel and Sokobin, 2006) or information asymmetry (Mahipala et al, 2009) can be distinguished. Some researchers have conside red the effects of earnings announcements in both, prices and volume of operations. Cheung and Sami (2000) analyzing a sample of companies from Hong Kong Stock exchange, and, the earnings announcements corresponding to the period 1992-1995, showed a significant reaction of prices and volume of operations when announcements were made. On the other hand, Ahmed et al. (2003) analyzing the negotiations during the period 1992-1995 (without on-line trade) and the negotiations during the period 1996-1999 (with on-line trade), demonstrated that three-month earnings announcements produce changes in shares prices and volume of operations when the negotiations are on-line. Other research papers have studied the delayed reactions in the market when the announcements (post-earnings announcement drift. PEAD) are made, due to problems related to earnings predictions. According to Bernard and Thomas (1989) PEAD incorrect measures can be grouped in false risk measures and other incorrect measures . In this sense, Zhang (2008) points out that the analysts prediction sensibility is associated with the costs and benefits of predictions. It is necessary to mention the considerations made in some studies about the reactions that accounting changes produce in the market, and, therefore, end up affecting prices. It should be estimated that the results of some studies have indicated that accounting changes do not have any effect on the market (Vigeland, 1981). Meanwhile, other studies have evidenced, for example, that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards generates changes in the market (Floros, 2007). The results of some studies have emphasized the relationship between the investors performance and changes in market prices. Caspar (2003) analyzing investors performance when presenting information, carried out by Danish companies, showed the presence of significantly abnormal results few days after the presentation. On the other hand, Chewning et al. (200 4) evidenced that sophisticated and not sophisticated investors have improved their abilities in the use of information. Therefore, the subsequent effects of their performances have been evident on market prices. Regarding studies of relevance, research papers on the anticipation of prices have been found, emphasizing time extension for profitability calculation. In this sense, Kothari and Sloan (1992) determined the expectations of future earnings, using price and earnings regression, corresponding to the multi-year prior period. On the other hand, Schleicher et al. (2007) worked with a two-year period in their regression model to estimate earnings. In relation to the studies of relevance and variables of results, some research papers have emphasized the relationship of profitability in view of changes and different levels of results. In this sense, Shroff (2002) shows the relationship of profitability with the levels of results. Meanwhile, other studies have determined the r elationship in both, changes and levels of results (Dumontier and Labelle, 1998). Regarding prediction studies, Ou and Penman (1989b) evidenced that the model based on accounting information was useful to predict earnings. Other researchers have also been concerned with this aspect (Skogsvik, 2008). It can be observed that profits predictions have an explanatory power for future earnings (Wu and Wang, 2000); so the accounting structure becomes a decisive factor for the carried out estimates (Fairfield et al., 1996). The ratios, factor analysis and principal component analysis The use of data multivariate analysis has allowed explaining accounting phenomena through the treatment of groups of variables. The availability of companies great quantity of data, due to financial and economic ratios disclosure has facilitated the use of this statistical tool. Some studies, using multivariate techniques have tried to determine a group of factors that synthesize economic and financial indicators, in conglomerate groups that facilitate, among other aspects, the measuring of companies information quality. Consequently, the most used multivariate techniques are the factor analysis (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Therefore, different studies have chosen to apply the factor analysis technique. Pinches et al. (1973) working with a sample of 180 industrial companies whose data were obtained from Compustat database, and using the varimax rotation, determined 7 factors (return on investment, capital intensiveness, inventory intensiveness, financial leverage, receivables intensiveness, short-term liquidity and cash position). In another study, Pinches et al. (1975) using the same sample of companies and ratios from the previous study, and applying the oblique rotation method, found the same factors. Short (1980) carried out a study selecting 259 industrial and commercial companies, considering data adjusted to inflation rate. Therefore, using varimax ro tation, 7 factors of historical ratios were found (return, capital intensiveness, asset turnover, financing policy, inventory turnover, working capital and current position), and, the same number of factors of price-level ratios (return, capital intensiveness, asset turnover, financing policy, inventory turnover, working capital and cash position). The previous ideas are consistent with those stated by Yli-olli and Virtanen (1989) and Liao (2008). Other studies have preferred to apply the principal component analysis. Stevens (1973), selecting a sample of 80 industrial companies, reduced 20 ratios to 6 factors (leverage, profitability, liquidity, activity, dividend policy and price and earnings). Pinches and Mingo (1973) examining 180 industrial companies with the varimax rotation method, determined 7 factors in which the indicators (size, financial leverage, long-term capital intensiveness, return on investment, short-term capital intensiveness, earnings stability and debt cover age stability) are grouped. Laurent (1979) selected a sample of 63 companies that were analyzed with the varimax rotation method, 10 components (return on investment, leverage, working capital, fixed assets, long-term solvency, liquidity, cash position, stability of debts coverage, self-financing policies and credit policies) were proposed. These ideas are consistent with Chen and Shimerda (1981), Sorensen (2000) studies. Hypothesis formulation The measuring of ratios began to be developed in the United States to carry out financial analysis, acquiring relevance in the financial sector, specifically in the analysis of credit risk and management. In the course of time, studies on ratios-type use and ratios groups modeling arose. Therefore, considering the idea that a ratio is meaningless by itself, and, so that its interpretation is valid, it is compared with an internal standard (based on true data conveniently settled), or with an external standard (corresponding to other organizations in a similar situation). From the 20s on, ratios are used in inter-companies comparative studies, to overcome the difficulties of carrying out comparisons in the technical-industrial field. As a consequence, some patterns arose allowing characterizing the differences in corporations organizational structure. Therefore, the ratio-type employment has made possible the analysis of groups of companies in similar situations with certain characteristics (Mulla, 2003). FitzPatrick (1932) carried out one of the first studies that lead to develop the descriptive stage of financial analysis through ratios. The study consisted on three documents, in which the use of ratios to determine companies bankruptcy was proposed. Then, the predictive stage was started, focusing on the analysis of ratios prediction capacity. Beaver (1968) was one of the pioneers. He emphasized the analysis of ratios through statistical advanced methods to prove their predictive capacity. He also point ed out that ratios are accounting data that can be evaluated due to their usefulness that is defined in terms of their predictive capacity. Additionally, it is necessary to mention that the evolution of the international harmonization accounting process has been estimated during some time. This has been highly related to economic and institutional events that affect financial information (Kenny and Larson, 2009). In this sense, reforms in the juridical international regulations due to the adoption of IFRS has supposed, on one hand, benefits for companies (Epstein, 2009); and on the other hand, changes in the presentation of information. However, the existence of one accounting system has brought some problems related to accounting, juridical and economic aspects (Slot and Gerrits, 2009); and for that reason, in some cases, it has implied IFRS adaptations to each country ´s social reality to prepare and communicate financial information (Tsakumis et al., 2009). Consid ering the previous ideas, some studies have discussed the implicit changes in the formulation of financial statements with IFRS application and their implications in the quality of accounting information. Therefore, Choi et al. (1983) developed one of the first studies approaching this topic, comparing financial reports elaborated with the American GAAP and the reports elaborated with the Japanese and Korean GAAP. The results prove that ratios show significant differences, due to different factors related to regulatory aspects in each country. Jun and Wang (2001) showed some significant discrepancies in the disclosed data and in the main financial ratios examining the financial information of three Chinese companies, elaborated with China GAAP, Hong Kong GAAP or using IFRS, during the period 1995-1998. Meanwhile, Duangploy and Gray (2005) when comparing Japanese and American companies financial reports showed that the financial reporting standards, applied in each country, affect ratios. Agca and Aktas (2007), when comparing the obtained ratios with financial reports elaborated with IFRS and Turkish GAAP, found significant differences. Considering ratios empiric antecedents and studies that support information quality, considered from the financial reporting standards application changes, the hypotheses are formulated as follows: Hypothesis 1 (H1): the values of profits ratios and financial information quality are affected by the financial reporting standards used by companies. Hypothesis 2 (H2): the values of operational ratios and financial information quality are affected by the financial reporting standards used by companies. Hypothesis 3 (H3): the values of structure ratios and financial information quality are affected by the financial reporting standards used by companies. Hypothesis 4 (H4): the values of per employee ratios and financial information quality are affected by the financial reporting standards used by companies. Research design and Sample selection Study design The financial information of the selected companies from Madrid Stock Exchange and Eurostoxx50 was examined at an initial stage. Data were obtained from Amadeus Database. At first, the companies financial statements from the period (2005-2007) were reviewed; and, considering the characteristics of the obtained data, the financial information was classified into four groups: a) individual financial statements elaborated with the local Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (IFS-GAAP), b) consolidated financial statements elaborated with the local Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (CFS-GAAP), c) individual financial statements elaborated with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFS-IFRS) and d) consolidated financial statements elaborated with International Financial Reporting Standards (CFS-IFRS). Furthermore, data were grouped according to the economic sector of the companies activity area, aspect that will be useful when making statistical cont rasts. In the case of Madrid Stock Exchange companies, the separation issued on January, 1, 2005 for all companies admitted to list in the Spanish Stock Exchange was selected. In the case of Eurostoxx50, the companies were treated as an additional sector to have a general idea of their performance. It is necessary to point out that there were companies belonging to both Markets (Repsol YPF, Endesa, Iberdrola, Arcelor, Bayer and Telefà ³nica) when the study was carried out. At a second stage, ratios that will help to examine financial information quality were selected. It is evident that the indicators obtained from accounting data are numerous. That is why, it is necessary that the selection must be as relevant as possible. Therefore, a revision and a comparison with ratios selected in other studies (Stevens, 1973 and Pinche and Mingo, 1973) have been made. It was chosen to use the ratios presented in Amadeus database, considering that most of them are similar with those used in other mentioned studies; additionally, due to their revealed data reliability and consistency, avoiding them to be significantly different from one period to another. In table 1, the relationship of the 26 selected ratios and the calculation form are shown. Table 1. Ratios used in the analysis of financial information quality Variable Ratios Calculation form Profitability ratios X1 Return on shareholders funds (%) (Profit (loss) before taxation/shareholders funds)*100 X2 Return on capital employed (%) ((Profit (loss) before taxation + interest paid)/(shareholders funds + noncurrent liabilities)) * 100 X3 Return on total assets (%) (Profit (loss) before taxation/total assets)* 100 X4 Cash flow by sales volume (%) (Cash flow/turnover)* 100 X5 Profit margin (%) (Profit (loss) before taxation/operating revenue (turnover) * 100 X6 Gross margin (%) (Gross profit/operating revenue)* 100 X7 EBIT margin (%) (Earnings before interest and taxes/operating revenue)* 100 X8 EBITDA margin (%) ((Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization)/operating revenue) * 100 Operational ratios X9 Net assets turnover Operating revenue (turnover)/(shareholders funds + noncurrent liabilities) X10 Interest cover Operating profit (Loss)/interest paid X11 Stock turnover Operating revenue (turnover)/stocks X12 Collection period (days) (Debtors/operating revenue (turnover)) * 360 X13 Credit period (days) (Creditors/operating revenue (turnover) * 360 X14 Exportation sales volume by sales volume Exportation sales volume/total sales volume Structure ratios X15 Current ratio Current assets/current liabilities X16 Liquidity ratio (Current assets stocks)/current liabilities X17 Shareholders liquidity ratio (%) Shareholders funds/noncurrent liabilities X18 Solvency ratio (%) (Shareholders funds/total assets) * 100 X19 Gearing (%) ((Noncurrent liabilities + loans)/Shareholders funds) * 100 Per employee ratios X20 Profit per employee (monetary value) Profit (loss) before taxation/number of employees X21 Operating revenue per employee (monetary value) Operating revenue/number of employees X22 Employees costs per operating revenue (turnover) (%) (Cost of employees/operating revenue (turnover) * 100 X23 Average cost per employee (monetary value) Cost of employees/number of employees X24 Shareholders funds per employee (monetary value) Shareholders funds/number of employees X25 Working capital per employee (monetary value) Working capital/number of employees X26 Total assets per employee (monetary value) Total assets/number of employees Methods In relation to the kruskal-wallis test, it can be noticed that it is a non-parametric test equivalent to ANOVA, used to compare population medians in case data are not normally distributed. The hypotheses are defined by: H0: The k medians of variables are all the same. H1: At least one median from one of the variables is different. Therefore, the observations of k random samples are placed in growing order of magnitude, assigning ranks to each one of the variables to determine the ranks for each sample. Regarding the statistic to test, this follows a distribution with k-1 free grades. In relation to the principal component analysis (PCA), it is a multivariate statistical technique to reduce the number of variables to a smaller number, losing as less information as possible (Foguet, 1989). At the same time, it is able to identify a group of fictitious variables formed from the co mbination of those previously observed. Therefore, it is possible to synthesize data and to relate them without making any previous hypothesis about the meaning of each initial factor. The new principal components will form a linear combination of origin variables and each one of them is independent. It should be added that the kruskal-wallis test and the principal component analysis were run using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version 15.0. Sample The population subject of study is formed by companies listing in Madrid Stock Exchange and Eurostoxx50. The sample submitted to observations is constituted by all productive sectors, excluding the financial and real estate sector, because it is regulated by specific standards. Therefore, companies in the sample have increased to 111 belonging to Madrid Stock Exchange and 32 to Eurostoxx50. In table 2, it is proved that most companies presented consolidated financial statements with th e International Financial Reporting Standards (CFS-IFRS), specifically 75,52%, while 9,79%, (CFS-GAAP), 6,29%(IFS-GAAP) and 8,39% (IFS-IFRS). It is also important to mention that in the market group structure, it is observed that 73,4% belong to Madrid Stock Exchange and 22,4% to Eurostoxx50. Table 2. Listing market and financial statements from the period 2005-2007 Market group Financial statements from the period 2005-2007 IFS-GAAP CFS-GAAP IFS-IFRS CFS-IFRS Total f % f % f % f % f % Madrid Stock Exchange 8 88,9% 2 14,3% 12 100,0% 83 76,9% 105 73,4% Eurostoxx50 0 ,0% 11 78,6% 0 ,0% 21 19,4% 32 22,4% Both markets 1 11,1% 1 7,1% 0 ,0% 4 3,7% 6 4,2% Total 9 100,0% 14 100,0% 12 100,0% 108 100,0% 143 100,0% In table 3, it can be observed that (CFS-IFRS) have been applied in most companies, approximately 65%, grouped in the sectors of basic materials, industry and construction, consumption goods and consumption services. At the same time, a significant participation of Eurostoxx50 group can be observed. Table 3. Productive sectors and financial statements during the period 2005-2007 Productive sectors Financial statements from the period 2005-2007 IFS-GAAP CFS-GAAP IFS-IFRS CFS-IFRS Total f % f % f % f % f % Oil and energy 1 11,1% 0 ,0% 0 ,0% 12 11,1% 13 9,1% Basic materials, industry and construction 4 44,4% 1 7,1% 3 25,0% 28 25,9% 36 25,2% Comsumption goods 3 33,3% 1 7,1% 7 58,3% 24 22,2% 35 24,5% Consumption services 1 11,1% 0 ,0% 2 16,7% 18 16,7% 21 14,7% Technology and telecommunications 0 ,0% 1 7,1% 0 ,0% 5 4,6% 6 4,2% Eurostoxx50 0 ,0% 11 78,6% 0 ,0% 21 19,4% 32 22,4% Total 9 100,0% 14 100,0% 12 100,0% 108 100,0% 143 100,0% Descriptive analysis and hypothesis verification Group 1. Profitability Ratios When examining the results, it is observed that mean values of variables are heterogeneous, even, negative values are shown for the IFS-GAAP subgroup, similarly occurred to the variables: return on shareholders funds (X1/2005: -2,492 and X1/2007: -26,082), return on capital employed (X2/2005: -69,791 and X2/2007: -11,267) and return on total assets (X3/2005: -13,015 and X3/2007: -3,883). Additionally, it is necessary to mention that the variable gross margin (X6) from this subgroup does not have available data in any of the analyzed years. In relation to the results of the descriptive statistics, it is proved that there are distributions far from normality, with high values of asymmetry and kurtosis, as it is the case of the CFS-GAAP group from the variables: return on shareholders funds (X1/2006: -3,092 and 10,812), profit margin (X5/2006: -3,197 and 11,456) and EBIT margin (X7/2006: -2,864 and 9,150). The kruskal-wallis population equality t est has been considered to contrast the hypotheses related to the relationship of each one of the defined ratios and the group type to show financial information. The hypothesis to be proved is that the mean values of the considered ratios do not show differences, according to the financial reporting standards applied to present financial statements. Regarding H1 contrast results of mean ranks for this period, it is deduced that there are differences in population averages (p 0,05) in the financial presentation for the variables: Return on shareholders funds (X1/2007: 0,021), Return on capital employed (X2/2005: 0,007), and Return on total assets (X3/2005: 0,012). While in the other analyzed ratios, there are not significant differences. Therefore, the differences found in some ratios population averages prove that financial information quality can be affected by the used financial reporting standards. Group 2. Operational Ratios In relation to the descriptive statistics o f operational ratios during the period 2005-2007, it was observed that dispersion is really high. This proves that mean values vary in the studied variables. There are also distributions far from normality, with high values of asymmetry and kurtosis, as in the group (CFS-IFRS) with the variables: stock turnover (X11/2005: 4,631 and 26,072; X11/2006: 5,568 and 37,406 and X11/2007: 4,890 and 28,913), net assets turnover (X9/2005: 4,444 and 30,605), interest cover (X10/2005: 5,249 and 35,238) and collection period (X12/2006: 2,868 and 15,622). The H2 contrast proves that there are significant differences in population averages (p 0,05) in the financial information presentation for the variables: collection period (X12/2005: 0,029) and credit period (X13/2005: 0,001 and X13/2006: 0,002 and X13/2007:0); while the rest of variables do not show significant differences. Therefore, from the obtained results, it can be deduced that financial reporting standards can influence financial inf ormation quality. Group 3. Structure Ratios The exam of the descriptive analysis results, first of all, indicates that mean values vary in the studied variables. Distributions far from normality are also proved, such as in the (CFS-IFRS) group, the asymmetry of the variable current ratio (X15) in the years 2005 (2,163) and 2007 (6,831). Similarly occurred to the kurtosis of the same variable X15 in the years 2005 (8,768) and 2007 (54,570). The H3 contrast results allowed to determine that there are differences in population averages (p 0,05) in the financial information presentation of current ratio (X15/2005: 0,001, X15/2006: 0 and X15/2007: 0,003), liquidity ratio (X16/2005: 0, X16/2006: 0 and X16/2007: 0,001), shareholders liquidity ratio (X17/2005: 0,004) and gearing (X19/2005: 0,001); meanwhile, there are not significant differences in other years. Therefore, this result allows verifying that financial information quality is affected by the existence of differences in population averages in some of the analyzed variables. Group 4. Per employee ratios The descriptive statistics for this group of ratios reveals that mean values vary in the studied variables, and, distributions far from normality are observed. Additionally, high values of asymmetry and kurtosis are detected in some variables. This can be observed, for example, in the asymmetries of (CFS-IFRS) group from the profit per employee (X20/2005: 3,256, X20/2006: 2,788 and X20/2007: 7,972), operating revenue per employee (X21/2005: 2,865, X21/2006: 2,517 and X21/2007: 7,460), and, shareholders funds per employee (X24/2005: 2,306, X24/2006: 2,092 and X24/2007: 5,035). H4 is confirmed and it is evident that there are differences in population averages (p 0,05) in the presentation of financial information, specifically for the variables: average cost per employee (X23/2005: 0,018 and X23/2006: 0,026) and total assets per employee (X26/2005: 0,026). Furthermore, it is proved that the other variables do not show significant differences. Therefore, the results allow concluding that financial information quality is affected by the applied financial reporting standard, due to the differences in population averages in one of the variables. The carried out descriptive analysis has made possible evaluating the wide variability of ratios analyzed in different periods. This has proved that dispersion ranks vary according to the variables of the study. The results with IFRS application showed significant differences in population averages (p 0,05) in some variables, such as Return on shareholders funds (X1), Return on capital employed (X2) and Return on total assets (X3). As a result, the financial information quality has been affected. In relation to the hypotheses contrast, it has been possible to prove that information quality is affected by the financial reporting standards used in the four empiric contrasts (H1, H2, H3 and H4). This results are similar to other s tudies (Henry et al., 2009 and Lantto and Sahlstrà ¶m, 2009). Principal component analysis (PCA) for ratios for the year 2007 In this section, the principal component analysis technique is used to make tests to reduce variables (ratios), and, to determine independent ratios categories, for avoiding multicollinearity in the results of the analysis. The group of ratios, analyzed with the application of the multivariate technique for the year 2007, is explained in the methods section. Therefore, the main purpose of the analysis is to obtain a data matrix from mxn, m rows (companies) by n columns (ratios). Once all variables were introduced, it was proved that the obtained data offered a non-positively defined matrix, this prevents from applying PCA. Therefore, those with lost or disproportionate values in relation to the others were excluded. As a result, using the matrix of reproduced and residual correlations, and making an individual analysis for each variable, it was detected that the variables: X6, X14 (due to lost or not available values), X10, X11 and X22, in some cases, have high correlation value s or extremely low ones. At the same time, they show high residual differences. Indeed, these variables affected the results of the analysis, and, therefore, this can cause the matrix to be indefinite, suggesting its progressive elimination. Consequently, when variables are eliminated, it is observed that the obtained new matrix is positively defined and the analysis is carried out. In relation to the results of the previous tests, excellent data suitability is found, making PCA possible. Specifically, with a high Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling suitability average of (0,63), and a Bartlett sphericity test with a significant high value of (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡2 = 3492,06 and p = 0,000), it can be proved from the analysis that the significance is perfect. Regarding the communalities obtained for each variable, once the extraction was carried out, it can be proved that all the variables show communalities higher than zero, with high values that approximately vary from 0,62 to 0,95, so the variance proportion is explained by the factors generated in the analysis. Regarding, the extraction method shown in table 4, it can be said that the factor solution that adjusts the best to the observed correlations converges on six factors. Therefore, with an accumulated explained variance of 87%, and considering that the first two factors explain around 44% of the total variance, these values are high enough to determine that six is a number of appropriate factors to explain the group of variables. Table 4. Explained total variance (PCA-2007) Component Initial Autovalues Saturation addings at square extraction Saturation addings at square rotation Total % Variance % acumulated Total % Variance % acumulated Total % Variance % acumulated 1 6,130 29,192 29,192 6,130 29,192 29,192 4,684 22,304 22,304 2 3,821 18,194 47,386 3,821 18,194 47,386 4,562 21,725 44,029 3 3,441 16,385 63,771 3,441 16,385 63,771 3,003 14,302 58,331 4 2,318 11,036 74,807 2,318 11,036 74,807 2,557 12,178 70,508 5 1,653 7,873 82,680 1,653 7,873 82,680 1,827 8,698 79,207 6 1,045 4,975 87,655 1,045 4,975 87,655 1,774 8,448 87,655 7 ,673 3,204 90,859 8 ,577 2,746 93,605 9 ,357 1,700 95,305 10 ,217 1,032 96,337 11 ,186 ,886 97,223 12 ,157 ,749 97,972 13 ,128 ,611 98,584 14 ,077 ,366 98,950 15 ,070 ,333 99,283 16 ,042 ,199 99,482 17 ,030 ,141 99,623 18 ,026 ,123 99,746 19 ,025 ,119 99,865 20 ,017 ,081 99,946 21 ,011 ,054 100,000 Extraction method: Principal Component Analysis. The following step was to obtain a simpler interpretation of factors using the promax rotation method. Therefore, it can be observed that the solution converged on 6 iterations. The first factor that explains 29,19% of the variance, shows strong weighing in the variables related to the following ratios: X20 (profit per employee, 0,932), X21 (operating revenue per employee, 0,945), X23 (average cost per employee, 0,877), X24 (shareholders funds per employee, 0,933), X25 (working capital per employee, 0,702) and X26 (total assets per employees, 0,885). Consequently, it is reasonable to define this component as a dimension of employees potential. It is also important to mention that the factor loadings of variables are shown with clear and high saturations in this factor. The second factor that explains 18, 19% of the total variance, shows its most significant positive loading factors in variables X1 (return on shareholders funds, 0,937), X2 (return on capital employed, 0,912) and X3 (return on total assets, 0,929); while the lowest loadings are observed in variables X4 (cash flow by sales volume 0,667) and X5 (profit margin, 0,864). Therefore, this factor gives an idea of the profitability, so it is convenient to label it as profitability potential. When contrasting these results with Pinches et al. (1973) results, it can be noticed that variables X1 and X3 grouped in the factor Return on investment, and variable X4, in the factor labeled capital intensiveness. Meanwhile, according to Stevens (1973) variables X3 and X5 are in agreement with the factor profitability. The third factor is integrated by variables X15 (current ratio, 0,965), X16 (liquidity ratio, 0,959) and X17 (shareholders liquidity ratio, 0,933). Additionally, it saturates with high and positive factor loadings, higher than 0,75, explaining 16,38% total variability of ratios. This component is labeled operability potential. It should be mentioned that in Pinches et al. (1973), variables X15 and X16 are correlated in the factor short-term liquidity. The fourth factor, with an explained variance percentage of 11,03%, would be associated to variables X7 (EBIT margin, 0,866), X8 (EBITDA margin, 0,788) and X9 (net assets turnover, -0,664). As a result, considering the variables characteristics, this component has been labeled investment potential. Besides, assuming a linear combination of these variables, it can be observed that variable X9 shows a weighing of 0,664 in opposite direction to the rest of variables from this factor. On the other hand, in relation to variable X7, Pinches et al. (1973) group it in the factor Capital Intensiveness, Stevens (1973) in the factor profitability. The fifth factor that explains 7,87% of the variance, would be associated to variables X12 (collection period, 0,910) and X13 (credit period, 0,780). This factor is labeled credit potential. Finally, the sixth factor with an explained variance percentage of approximately 4,97%, woul d be associated to variables X18 (solvency ratio, 0,873) and X19 (gearing, -0,894), and it is labeled potentiality of high operability. It can also be noticed that the variable gearing, with a factor loading of 0,894, goes in an opposite direction in relation to the other identified variable in the component. It should be emphasized that variable X19 groups in the factor leverage according to Stevens (1973). The principal component analysis, carried out from the ratios corresponding to the year 2007, has allowed knowing the main relationships among variables, generating groups from the correlations between them. It is necessary to state that high factor loadings were observed in the performance of the components employees potential and profits potential. Regarding the other factors, with lower values in the factor loadings; they do not contradict the found solution. However, it affirmatively indicates the polarization among the factors with higher or smaller explanatory capacity of data variance. Conclusions The carried out analyses made possible achieving the objectives of this study, which are related to the analysis of financial information quality, evaluating whether financial and economic ratios are affected by changes in financial standards applied by companies (Local GAAP or IFRS). At the same time, it was possible to determine a group of factors that allow proving the capacity of ratios to measure the quality of accounting information, as well as, facilitating the information analysis process to different groups of users. Additionally, the sample of selected companies belongs to Madrid Stock Exchange and Eurostoxx50. Financial statements from the period 2005-2007 were used. At the same time, a group of indicators (ratios) were considered to carry out the respective statistical measurements. The results obtained from the empiric contrast, once the medians were compared between the applied financial reporting standards for the financial statements presentation and the ratio s from the period (2005-2007), show that in all the hypotheses (H1, H2, H3 and H4) there are differences in population averages in the financial presentation. Therefore, it is proved that financial information quality is affected by financial reporting standards. These results lead to think that one of the reasons for this performance is possibly attributed to the idea that one financial reporting standard is better than the other. It could also be considered the interpretations that are made out of regulations, so that they do not affect the quality of disclosed data. This could justify the obtained results. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) for the year 2007, allowed to group variables in six factors related with employees potential, operability potential, investment potential, credit potential and high operability potential. Therefore, the applied multivariate technique (PCA) has enabled to empirically check the capacity of ratios to measure financial infor mation quality. Additionally, the found factors are only an alternative to group variables to make sense out of the interpretation of ratios from a theoretical point of view. Consequently, the results could be an alternative way for accounting users to analyze accounting information. Finally, the findings suggest continuous improvements in financial reporting standards applied to financial statements; so that, companies operations disclosed data fulfill some quality requirements, on behalf of accounting users. At the same time, it should be allowed that report analyses through accounting ratios, must be provided with interpretations as true as possible of the entity ´s financial and economic reality.

Nys Ela Exam - What Is the Nys Ela 7 Exam

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